History of Electrocardiography Machine Essay

History of electrocardiography prevails over two centuries as an intellectual exercise as the process of inventing an electrocardiogram started with the Galvani’s idea of animal electricity. In 1842 this idea was further reinforced by Italian physicist Carlo Matteucci who illustrated by his experiments that electric current could be quantified from inactive heart muscle. German physiologist Emil Dubois-Reymond further explored this phenomenon and confirmed Carlo Matteucci’s conclusion and labeled this changing current in the resting muscle as â€Å"action potential†. He further developed a device that could deliver stimulation pulses to the muscles and was capable of computing discharge current of muscles at short intervals. In 1856 Rudolph von Koelliker and Heinrich Muller recorded an â€Å"action potentialâ€Å"on the spotaneous beating heart. But the major development came in 1872 when French physicist Gabriel Lippmann introduced a capillary electrometer. This capillary electrometer was based on the principle of â€Å"polarization† and â€Å"surface tension†. Structurally it was a slender glass tube with mercury-sulphuric acid base. The mercury meniscus stirred with the influx of electrical potential and was observable by a microscope. In 1893, Willem Einthoven who is considered as the inventor of modern electric cardiogram and its various principles used the term ‘electrocardiogram’ at a conference of the Dutch Medical Association. But major development occurred during the three years staring from 1901 when Einthoven dissatisfied with capillary electrometer and it slow response, designed a string galvanometer. This galvanometer contained a string eletromagnet to produce a magnetic flux, two piece poles, a quartz string between the two piece poles, peepholes in the two piece poles to observe the position of string. It further contained a lamp and timing systen to examine the shadow of string at different time intervals. The weight of this whole apparatus was about 600 pounds. He further modified the string galvanometer to invent a more effective electrocardiograms. However in 1902, Einthoven brought out the first electrocardiogram that was recorded on his string galvanometer. This was a giant’s leap in the history of bio-medical. In order to produce string galvanometer on commercial level, Einthoven discussed the possibilities with Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. So this event made the electrocardiogram to come out of experimentation and to be used in medical profession. Einthoven, in 1906, circulated the first presentation electrocardiograms recorded with a string galvanometer. These electrocardiograms included the specimen of left and right ventricular and atrial, atrial flutter, ventricular premature beats etc. In 1910, Horatio Williams who was professor at Cornell University Medical College, New York issued electrocardiograms of patient that manifest atrial and ventricular ectopics, ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation that were recorded in hospital using a complex system of cables. This was first large-scale use of electrocardiograms in the hospitals. With the advent and introduction of vacuum tubes, the electric galvanometer was further modified and improved. In 1926, Ernestine and Levine used these vacuum tubes to produce enlarged images. Cathode rays tube further helped to produce portable electrocardiograms. Today electrocardiograms works on the same principles that were devised Einthoven in the first decade of 20th century. References Burchell HB. A centennial note on Waller and the first human electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:979-983 Burch, G.E. A History of Electrocardiography. Chicago. Year Book Medical. 1964. Burnett J. The origins of the electrocardiograph as a clinical instrument. Medical History Supplement 5: 1985, 53-76. Published as a monograph. The emergence of modern cardiology. Bynum WF, Lawrence C, Nutton V, eds. Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine:1985. Fye WB. A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:937-949 Plonsey, R. Bioelectric Phenomenon. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1972.

Who Is Lying to Us About Research Paper Writing Services Reviews?

Who Is Lying to Us About Research Paper Writing Services Reviews? Type of Research Paper Writing Services Reviews If you're using writing services online for the very first time and not certain how it works, you may always contact our support agent who will help you through all the stages starting with the purchase placement right until the last paper is delivered to you. The process is straightforward, and your satisfaction is the thing that matters most. It's possible to negotiate the writing procedure and the price. As soon as you fill out the payment procedure, the remainder of the job will be finished by our research paper experts. Every one of the paper is distributed round the terrific time. If you aren't content with the essay, it's your right to request modification or revision. Our reviews will provide you with the insight into what sort of a paper you may anticipate, based on samples and ordered papers, so you don't order from the incorrect paper writing service. 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A Day At Home - Original Writing - 1025 Words

It had been a fairly, nice day. Work wasn’t to bad. My boss wasn’t on my tail for not getting him a paper on time. It was supper time when I got home. The food was already set out and the kids at the table when I walked in the door. Jane, 9 years old, had a book in her hand like normal. Billy, 4 years old, sat there picking at his scab. My husband came in with the last plate. Jason had been out of a job for 9 months now, so he was the stay at home mom for a little while. I set my bag down on our wooden table right beside the door. I walked over to the table said hi down and went to finish helping my husband. When we were finished, I sat down to look all of my wonderful family in the eye and see that today was a good day. When supper was over, we sent the kids to go brush their teeth like we do every time after dinner. I was helping my husband with the dishes after dinner. When we were done, the kids were in bed and we had to go and tuck them in. We went and tucked Jane in. She was going to read a little before she completely went to sleep. Jason, my Husband, left the room when he was done to use the restroom. I then went to Billy’s room to tuck him in. I sat down on the edge of the bed. I said, â€Å"How was today?† Billy replied, â€Å"It was fun. We did a lot of coloring. I colored a huge bear.† â€Å"Good I am glad you had fun with coloring.† I said. â€Å"Mommy?† Billy said. I said, â€Å"Yes.† Billy was now looking at the ceiling and pondering what he was going to say to me. BillyShow MoreRelatedA Day At Home - Original Writing1026 Words   |  5 PagesIt had been a fairly, nice day, and work wasn’t to bad. My boss wasn’t on my tail for not getting him a paper on time. It was supper time when I got home. The food was already set out and the kids at the table when I walked in the door. Jane, 9 years old, had a book in her hand like normal. Billy, 4 years old, sat there picking at his scab. My husband came in with the last plate. Jason had been out of a job for 9 months now, so he was the stay at home mom for a little while. I set my bag down onRead MoreMy Experience Of Creative Writing946 Words   |  4 PagesCreative writing is something that has and always will be an important part of my life. It’s helped me discover what I truly want to do in life and something that I have been interested in ever since I was a young kid . I remember vividly when I first starting taking an interest in writing original stories of my own. I was around the age of eight and at that point in my life I had never really been taught that I could write by using just my imagination; when you’re in second or third grade you’reRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe s Style Of Drama And Personification1029 Words   |  5 Pagesthis very day. His style for writing in dramatic fashions and being the original horror author have left a mark on literature history. The short stories of The Raven and The Cask of Amontillado were some of the more well-known works of Edgar Allen Poe. Reading his past works it is noticeable that he only wrote in the first person or rather wrote using only I. This was one of the more common themes presented into his work. However, there are other methods that Poe practiced when writing both poemsRead MoreScholarly Writing Essay801 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 3 Assignment Application: Scholarly Writing What is scholarly writing? How does it differ from day-to-day writing and why is it important to someone pursuing an academic degree and planning to become a professional? As you learn about some of the elements of scholarly writing and how to write for specific audiences, you will gain the skills necessary to complete written assignments that are appropriate in your role as a Walden student in a masters or doctorate program. In this ApplicationRead MoreEssay on Layered - Writing Reflection945 Words   |  4 PagesWriting a decent essay is as tedious, as nerve-racking, and as strenuous as constructing a layer cake from scratch. First you have to decide that you are going to tackle this feat, and that can be your biggest challenge, motivation. Then you must figure out what kind of cake batter you want to use. Collect all the ingredients to mesh together well, making one layer at a time. You throw all the layers together hoping that somehow they will come together to form a nifty desi gn, but they don’t immediatelyRead MoreAmerican Ethnic Literature Differs From American Literature1378 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican ethnic authors write in English, but sometimes use original language and speech. American ethnic literature often depicts life before America, as well life after arriving. American ethnic literature is important because citizens of all nationalities can share and learn about different backgrounds. Many ethnic authors use life experiences to create their characters and stories. American literature involves American-born authors writing about American themes and issues. The United States isRead MoreWriting Reflection Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesWriting a decent essay is as tedious, nerve racking, and strenuous as constructing a layer cake from scratch. First you have to decide that you are going to tackle this feat, and that can be your biggest challenge, motivation. Then you have, you must figure out what kind of cake batter you want to use. Collect all the ingredients to mesh together well, making each layer at a time. You throw all the layers together hoping that somehow they will come together to form a nifty design. But, they don’tRead MoreTravel Writing : The Perfect Synthesis Of Work And Vacation1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthat makes these trips worthwhile. Travel writing functions as the perfect synthesis of work and vacation. While it would seem that such a conclusion would be obvious, most people prefer their vacations to be exclusively about relaxing, which is completely understandable. But for those who don t mind doing a little work for an extra paycheck, the option is available and the barriers to entry are lower than you might expect. Breaking into travel writing requires some knowledge of the way the marketRead MoreDeclaration Of Independence By Richard Henry1212 Words   |  5 PagesDeclaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was definitely a day to remember. The events leading to the signing of the Declaration of Independence played a key role in it. â€Å"Resolved, that these United Colonies, are and of right to be free and independent states.†(Declaration of Independence). That quote, coming from the Declaration of Independence, pretty much sums up the reason for the writing of the Declaration of Independence, becoming independent from the rule of Great BritainRead MoreEssay On Plagiarism1242 Words   |  5 PagesIn colloquial language plagiarism is the concept of stealing someone’s piece of work or someone’s idea. It is clear that plagiarising is unjust and immoral, however now a days it is becoming more difficult to come up with original ideas as the media allows students to have open access to all information and the producer or author must be very careful to not use somebody else’s work unintentionally and claim it as theirs. It is impor tant to educate students about plagiarism as it can carry major consequences

Final Proof of the Non-Existence of God by Oolon Colophid

Quotes Essay â€Å"Now it is such a bizarrely improbable coincidence that anything so mindboggingly useful could have evolved purely by chance that some thinkers have chosen to see it as the final and clinching proof of the non-existence of God† (Adams 97) This direct quote appeared in chapter twelve at the point where the author tries to explain how some of the creatures such as Babel fish are among the oldest creatures in the world even though is extremely small. However, some of the creatures that are currently extinct were known to be powerful, Babel fish is significantly small but still existing. The theme of religion is revealed in this quote. This quote means that the some individual does not believe in the existence of God. The author uses powerful vocabularies to express his perception about the issue of faith in regards to human beings perception of the existence of god. The quote is expressed in a manner that reveals an individual’s perception of religion. Apparently, the author wants to challenge his readers to rethink about issues that prove the existence of God because to him the evolution of some objects or creatures such as the Babel fish is a proof of the non-existence of God. If theres anything more important than my ego around, I want it caught and shot now† (Adams 100) Zaphold made this expression while responding to Trillian statement. Zaphold and Trillian were sitting together and listening to some radio station in the Cabin and Trillian had just

Linda Hogan Free Essays

What adjectives does Linda Hogan use to describe her personality as a child in Oklahoma? 2. Does L. H. We will write a custom essay sample on Linda Hogan or any similar topic only for you Order Now believe that she is a traditionally-minded Native woman? 3. In para 8, does L. H. state she thinks the view of the constellations is the same for the Western world as it is in the American Indian tradition? 4. 4. After rereading para 9, name the three types of writing L. H. says she does. 5. In para 12, what are the two choices for L. H. ’s main character in her novel Power? What is the main character’s name? 6. What endangered animal did a Seminole man kill in the controversial case that L. H. researched for an article she was writing? 7. What animal does L. H. write about in her poem â€Å"Affinity: Mustang†? What words describe the animal? 8. In the final para, according to L. H. , why does she write? What is her motivation for writing? TASK 2 Go beyond the text 1. L. H. riting often acknowledges traditional Native American values such as respecting the intelligence of the elders. What are some other traditional values she writes about? What are some traditional values you hold? Are your values similar to or different from the traditional values that L. H. cherishes? 2. L. H. discusses her views on the understanding of the cosmos and how the constellations have a meaning for her that is different from the traditional Western meaning. What might be some reasons for these different meanings? Do the skies and constellations have any meaning to you or to other people you know? If so, discuss this meaning and explain its importance. 3. L. H. ‘ s novel Power describes a character who must choose between two ways of life: the American world and the culture of her elders who live in their community with their own traditions. Have you or someone you know ever had to make a choice between two worlds, two ways of thinking, or two ways of conducting your life? Discuss the difficulties in making such a decision and the consequences of the choice you made. 4. In the first several paras of her essay, L. H. writes about how she grew, as a tree grows, into â€Å"a traditionally-minded Native woman† and a writer. What experiences helped her grow? In what ways have you connected your identity? What people and experiences have influenced you? How to cite Linda Hogan, Papers

Spark Newzealand Organization

Question: Discuss about the Spark Newzealand Organization. Answer: Introduction Spark New Zealand, it was formally known as Telecom New Zealand, and it is a CSP (communication service provider) in New Zealand as the name clearly points out. It provides its customers with fixed line, the internet and mobile communications services. It was formed in the year 1987 after the bifurcation of the NZ post office, but then it was later privatized in the year 1990. Then the company was divided by the government into three sections namely telecom wholesale, telecom retail, and Chorus. This division led to an end of monopoly which the company held and later in the telecom sector of the business changed its name from telecom to Sparks in the year 2011 (Spark, 2015). Operational nature Spark New Zealand is a CSP or says Communication Service Provider, which focuses on moulding its services around the needs of its customers ranging from households and the small businesses in New Zealand exclusively. The company is operational as a mobile network provider, internet service provider and fixed data lines provider (Spark Digital, 2015b). The company also focuses on providing its customers with the ICT solutions in the country and wish to help their clients by offering them with the competitive advantage through digital solutions. Products of the company sold and produced The company is focussed on providing total communication coverage to an individual or small business client by providing them with internet facilities, mobile connections, and the fixed data lines. It offers a range of voice, content and data services to its customers through fibre and copper broadband, 4g and 3g connections and WiFi zones around the country. The Spark Digital section of the company is focussed on providing ICT solutions to its customers such that they can meet the demands and needs of the rapidly globalizing world (Digital, 2015). The spark connects a section of the company provides the customers with telecommunication services, and it also helps the company for various tasks such as provisioning, credit collections, procurement and leasehold property. Trait of the firm signifying the importance of marketing concepts/role of marketing It is quaint essential to notice that the annual report f 2015 clearly showcases the urgency of the company for moulding its activities and services as per the requirements of the customers, the company has even reduced its additional operations which dealt with business outside of New Zealand. In the year, 2009 company had to lose customers because of the entry of new competitor, 2degrees that are why the company rapidly increased the marketing activities. The company has taken good help of social media and digital mediums for marketing the newly furnished goals and targets of the enterprise. It can be said that marketing plays a significant role in company's strategy for business (Annual Report, 2015). Five internal environment factors of Spark New Zealand affecting the marketing decisions of the firm The internal business environment factors of a company affect its approach of operations and success (Contributor, 2015). The company does have control over these factors, for Spark New Zealand, some of them are- The threat of new competitors- one of the major threats for Spar New Zealand is its brand identity. They are in constant danger of other brands that can create similar company such as Spark and that might sway its stakeholders toward the above companies. Bargaining power of suppliers- It is a good thing that Spark New Zealand has got an ample choice of choosing its supplier who can provide that equipment at a basic price. They can bargain for the best by quality, cost, and service. Bargaining power of customers-As the number of options available for consumers is increasing rapidly in the field of telecom services, it is imperative that Spark provides its services at a lower cost for, e.g., 2degree and Vodafone are planning to provide certain services at a reduced cost to its customers. Moreover, low switching cot can help in attracting the residential consumers. The threat of substitutes- all the services and products of Spark New Zealand face a severe threats replacement product. Satellite and TV operators are all now fighting to retain customers base and attract more that is why most of the products are similar and at the same price such as Spark New Zealand. Innovation and creativity- it is clear that most of the competitors in tele communications field are providing similar products. Hence, it is essential that Spark produces innovatively better products and keep the quality bit higher than its competitors. Even if that means to keep the profits a bit small as they are in a highly competitive market Five external factors doing the same for Spark New Zealand Now let us talk about some of the macro or external environment factors which effect Spark New Zealands working and operations (Bradley, 2015). These reasons range from political to economic to legal consideration and much more. Political and juridical factors- The changing central government has a significant role to play in success and failure of companies such as Spark New Zealand. It is required to abide by some national laws, tax guidelines, employment and safety guidelines. The strong financial condition of the company makes it more severe to follow all the laws and rules set up by the government. Economic Factors- After going through the annual report of 2015, it is clear that the company has to go through a lot of interest rate and credits risks which directly affect the profits margin, economic growth and inflation for the enterprise. The company does provide its product at minimal profit margin such that demand persists but it had to increase the prices at the time of recession. Technological factors- The telecommunication leadership is given to that company which can quickly absorb the new technological advancements into their system and provide the customers with a stabilized form. The product is required to be innovative, but they should be standard and as per the demand of clients. Social Factors- In a telecommunication company both safety and accessibility are essential requirements for the customers and employees. It is imperative that they maintain this security measure for mobile phones and other products also. Trust on the company will be upheld only and only if signal drop problems are controlled and internet connectivity and speed should be a bit more than the competitors. Environmental factors- One of the main environmental challenges which can be caused by Spark Company is that of greenhouse gas emissions. New Zealand is a country where a lot of significance is given to the green and clean environment. The wastes of wires, hardware, and other products need to be managed properly as these are not biodegradable and require particular attention. Model of consumer behaviour used by Spark and identifying the factors which can influence the consumer behaviour This is the model employed by Spark. (It has been created after study of annual report) Two factors which can influence consumer behaviour:- 1. The competitor's policies for interacting with the users can affect Spark NZ. The use of social media by companies can sway the consumers in their favour. Hence it is important to get hold of customers on social media 2. The product quality needs to be good so that customer is willing to use the services again and use them in his/her office, home, and other places. Current status and future course of working for Spark New Zealand on current global and local customer base. Currently, Spark New Zealand is one of the biggest telecommunication companies in the country and is a provider for most of the telecommunication services such as broadband, Wi-Fi, mobile networks and more importantly IT consultancy, execution and procurement along with installation and equipment facilities. The company is focusing on digitizing its operation in a bid to reduce its maintenance costs and increase its coverage area in New Zealand (Spark, 2015a). These images have been taken from the annual report of 2015 which clearly shows how they are pushing to become a force to be known around the globe in near future. Consideration of social responsibility as well as ethical factors for Spark New Zealand for marketing decisions Two social responsibilities which automatically come upon the shoulders of the company are:- Job Provider- The company has an excellent set up in New Zealand, and if the company has taken the onus to work only in New Zealand then it should ensure that most of its employees are from the country, this way they will keep their salary budget low and also keep the local inhabitants happy and satisfied. Environment- with initiatives such as Spark Environment, it becomes essential that the company keeps a track of all such activities which include disposing of-of wires, old mobile phone technologies, network recycling and keeping the vicinity clean and green. Now talking about ethical duties then Spark New Zealand needs to ensure that in such a highly competitive market, they do not promise something which is out of their league just for the sake of keeping the consumer interested. For e.g., The Company should not hoax about internet speed or mobile network coverage in remote areas. It is so because if at a time of emergency customers will not be able to find such services, they will lose trust in the company and more than that it can be hazardous for them also. Hence, the company should focus on providing better and cheap products, but that does not mean it should forget the safety of customers. In today transparent business world it is important to provide its stakeholders with actual data and help the nation by providing it with top quality services. References Contributor, Pe. (2015, February 26).Internal factors that may affect the business organization. Retrieved June 27, 2016, from Business, https://pestleanalysis.com/internal-factors-affect-business-organization/ Digital, S.Our ventures. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.sparkventures.co.nz/#our-ventures Editorial, R. (2016, June 28).${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Quote| Reuters.Com. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=SPK.NZ limited, S. (2016).Home. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.sparknz.co.nz Ltd, S. (2016).Spark - investor centre. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://investors.sparknz.co.nz/Investor-Centre/?page=At-a-Glance McDonough, M. (2016).Spark New Zealand - BuddeComm. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Spark-New-Zealand-Company-Overview.html Ristovski, D., Bradley, M. (2015).Camping and beach activities. Retrieved from https://investors.sparknz.co.nz/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/gXbeer80tkeL4nEaF-kwFA/doc/FY15_H2/2015_Annual_Report.pdf Spark Digitak. (2016).Spark foundation. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.sparknz.co.nz/what-matters/foundation Spark Digital. (2016).Spark digital New Zealand. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.sparkdigital.co.nz/ Spark. (2015a).Help us improve this page. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.spark.co.nz/business/contactus/business-hubs/ Spark. (2015b).Help us improve this page. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from https://www.spark.co.nz/business/ telecom, S. (2015).Review of the telecommunications act 2001 submission | MBIE. Retrieved from https://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/technology-communications/communications/regulating-the-telecommunications-sector/review-of-the-telecommunications-act-2001/submissions/Spark%20New%20Zealand%20submission.pdf

Malaysia Essays - Borneo, Maritime Southeast Asia,

Malaysia Malaysia Like many other countries, Malaysia has much history. The country's ancestors came to Malaysian area between 2500 and 1500 B.C. The earliest inhabitants are the Orang Asli of the Peninsula, Penan of Sarawak and the Rungus of Sabah. These people did and still live as nomads. The ancestors migrated from China and India. The next group of people to arrive to the country were the Malays. Many of these people were traders who later settled in Malaysia. Along with the immigrants, the religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam also settled into the inhabitants. As years past, Europeans, including the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutch, and British, conquered Malaysia, which ended up with Malaysia having its present-day states. The United Kingdom finally took control of Malaysia, colonizing it. Finally, on September 16, 1963, Malaysia became independent as a federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawalk. Later on, Singapore left the federation, becoming a separate nation. Malaysia has unique physical features. The Malaysia's area is 320,758 sq. km (127,320 sq. miles) and its land area is 328,550 sq. km; it is a little bit larger than New Mexico. About four-fifths of Malaysia are covered by tropical rain forest. Malaysia's highest peak is the Gunung Tahan, standing 2,187 meters tall (7,175ft) in Peninsular Malaysia. This peak is in one of Malaysia's most mountainous regions. The configuration of the country's land and heavy rainfall formed its many rivers. The longest rivers in Malaya are the Sungai Pahang and the Sungai Perak. The rivers of Sarawak and Sabah are longer than the ones in Malaya or Peninsula. The Rajang of Sarawak is the longest. Malaysia's Crocker Range lies in Sabah, having an average of 457 to 914 meters, dividing the lowland of the northwest coast from West Malaysia's interior. This mountain range ends on Malaysia's and Southeast Asia's highest mountain, Gunung Kinabalu (4,101 m). Sarawak's highest peak is the Gunung Murud. Climate h ere is tropical. This country has monsoons in the northeast (October to February) and southwest (April to October), which controls its climate. The average temperature throughout the year is 26 degrees Celsius, usually high since Malaysia lies in the equatorial zone. The basis of the country's economy was first based on its natural resources: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, and bauxite. Malaysia's economy industry includes its natural resources, along with electronics, textiles, and transportation equipment. The country's export crops include rubber, palm oil, timber, cocoa, and its food crops are rice, cassava, fish, corn, and sweet potatoes. Malaysia makes $72 billion out of its exports, and $72.2 billion from imports. Its partners in exports are Singapore (21%), USA (20%), Japan (12%), UK (4%), and Germany (3%). Its partners in imports are Japan (26%), USA (17%), Singapore (14%), Taiwan (5%), Germany (4%), UK (3%), and South Korea (3%). The Malaysian population is made up of the Malay and other natives (59%), Chinese (32%), and Indians (9%). The population of Malaysia is an estimate of 21,793,293 and has a population density of 170. The ethnic diversity governs the languages that are spoken in Malaysia and what its religions are. In Peninsular Malaysia, Malay, English, Tamil, and Chinese dialects are spoken. In Sabah, English, Malay, many tribal dialects, and Chinese (Mandarin and Hakka dialects) are spoken. English, Malay, Mandarin, and numerous tribal languages are spoken in Sarawak. Bahasa Melayu is the National Language, but is used only for official purposes. The Peninsular Malaysia's religions consist of Muslim (Malays), Buddhist (Chinese), and Hindu (Indians) beliefs. Sabah's religions include Muslim (38%), Christian (17%), and other religions (45%). Tribal religion (35%), Buddhist and Confucianist (24%), Muslim (20%), Christian (16%), and other religions (5%) make up Sarawak's religions. The type of governme nt is constitutional monarchy and is headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament. The Malaysian culture is different from others. Malaysian holds religious festivals. There are the Islamic Festivals, which are the Hari Raya Haji and Hari Taya Puasa. For the Chinese, there is Chinese New Year. A Buddhist festival is a holiday celebrating the birth of Buddha and is known as Wesak Day. The Hindu festivals are Deepavali, Thaipusam, and Thai Ponggal. The Christian Festival is Christmas. One last festival, the Sikh, include the birthday of Guru